However,stress recovery from the triangular elements is as accurate as is the case for quadrilateralelements.

The bending formulation of the quadrilateral shell element wasderived from the Discrete Kirchoff-Midlin Quadrilateral.Д«oth the quadrilateral and triangular elements yield accurate stiffness modelling. The following units of measurement are supported:ДЇesd uses four-node quadrilateral and three-node triangular isoparametric shell elements withplate bending behaviour. Unlike the shell bendingstresses that are taken about the x and y-axes, the Wood and Armer moments are given in the x'and z'-directions. Reinforcement is calculated in the user-defined x' and z'-directions. Wood and Armer moments and shell reinforcement axes In a concrete shell, theorientation line would indicate the direction of reinforcement resisting the particular stress. An orientation line indicates thedirection the direction (not axis) of bending or plane stress. Note: To assist you in evaluating shell element stresses, stress contour diagrams showorientation lines at the centre of each shell element. The principal bending moments per unit width are represented as Mmax and Mmin. Mxy represents a torsional moment in the local x-y plane. Shell element stresses are given using the local axes:Д«ending stresses: The entities Mx and My are moment per unit width about the local x andy-axes. The z-axis is then taken vertical parallel tothe Y-axis. The y-axis is taken parallel to the negativeZ-axis. The local x is chosen parallel to the globalX-axis. Local axes are used in the output for bendingstresses: Note: Unlike some other 3D programs that put the Z-axis vertical, PROKON takes theY-axis vertical. Using a right-hand rule, the Z-axis points out of the screen. A positive vertical load thus works up and a negativeload down. The global axis system is nearly exclusively used when entering slab geometry and loading.Global axes are also used in the analysis output for deflections and reactions. The analysis output is given in a mixture of globalaxis and local axes values. Slab input is done using the global axes. The following text explains the sign conventions used and gives a brief background of theanalysis techniques. To design concrete membranes, use the Space Frame Analysis module instead. Reinforcement can be calculated from momentstransformed using the Wood and Armer equations. Estimates for quantities are calculated and tendon profile schedules can be generatedfor use with Padds.ДЇesd (Finite Element Slab Design) can perform linear elastic plate bending analyses oftwo-dimensional concrete slab structures. This, together with the facility of defining loadcases and combinations, makes the program suitable for bridge deck design as well.Д«oth unbonded systems, e.g. Complicated cross sections are supported through an interface with thesection properties calculation module, Prosec. Complete bending schedules can be generated for editing and printingusing Padds.ДЇor more information on using this module, consult the Dos Version User's Guide.Д¬aptain (Computer Aided Post Tensioning Analysis Instrument) can be used to design anddetail most types of continuous prestressed beam and slab systems encountered in typicalbuilding projects. The analysis includes automated pattern loading and momentredistribution.

The program can beused to design and detail most types of continuous beam and slab systems encountered intypical building projects. The Continuous Beam and Slab Design program is a powerful, yet easy-to-use, tool in thehands of the designer and detailer of reinforced concrete beams and slabs.

Two modules, Concrete Section Design and Section Design for Crackwidth, are availablefor the quick design of sections for strength and crackwidth requirements. Use the Column Base Design and Retaining Wall design to design and detail typical basesand soil retaining walls. Columns with complicated shapes can be designed usingthe General Column Design module. Rectangular Column Design and Circular Column Design offer rapid design and detailingof simple short and slender columns. Punching shear in flat reinforced concrete slabs can be checked withthe Punching Shear Design module. In contrast,the Finite Element Slab Design module is better suited for the design of slabs with morecomplicated geometries. Simplified design offlat slab panels is available through the Rectangular Slab Panel Design module. The Continuous Beam and Slab Design and Prestressed Beam and Slab Design modulesare used to design and detail reinforced and prestressed beams and slabs. These are usefultools for the design and detailing typical reinforced and prestressed concrete members. The concrete design modules can be used for the design of reinforced and prestressed concretebeams and slabs, columns, column bases and retaining walls.ДЄ variety of concrete design modules are included in the PROKON suite.

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